D1 At the end of the course the students must demonstrate that they have learned critically the concepts and the main aspects of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology with particular regard to the clinical and infectious aspects. They must also know the standard and innovative methodologies of bacteria and virus diagnostic. Students will also acquire skills on the interactions of microorganisms with the host in the determinism of various infections and pathologies. D2 Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the students must be able to apply the knowledge acquired from point D1 for an overall assessment of the patient's clinical picture D3 Making judgements: At the end of the course the students must be able to define hypothesis of the cause of infection and to make differential diagnosis for a correct therapeutic approach. D4 Communication skills: At the end of the course the students must be able to explain the concepts acquired in point D1 with an appropriate vocabulary and to show critical skills in discussing course topics through a constructive contribution. D5 Learning skills: At the end of the course the students must be able to independently explore the topics of interest and to transversally transfer the concepts acquired to subsequent courses with the aim of a multidisciplinary vision.

Before taking the Microbiology exam, the student must have passed the 1st year exams in Histology and Embryology, Biology and Genetics and Biochemistry. Knowledge of these disciplines is important to understand the microbial and viral metabolic processes and have a basic understanding of the characteristics of biological molecules and enzymatic reactions that govern cellular processes.

he bacterial cell: Bacterial forms and function of fundamental components. Bacterial metabolism and defense mechanisms. Mechanisms of bacterial genetics. Etiopathogenesis of infections The fungal cell: Structure, function and examples of etiopathogenesis. Virology: Virus structure, functions and some examples of infection Microbiome, oral, vaginal, intestinal and related pathologies Microbiome-virome interactions and local immune response. Standard and new generation microbiological diagnostic techniques

Antonelli et al. “ Microbiologia Medica” – Editrice Ambrosiana -Murray, Rosenthal, Kobayashi, PFaller “ Microbiologia” - Edises -Autori vari “Microbiologia del cavo orale”Distributrice: Libreria “Goliardica” - -Materiale didattico

Introduction to microbiology • Bacterial forms • Structure and function of the basic components (cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes) and optional components (metachromatic granules, flagella, fimbriae, extracellular polymeric substances) of the bacterial cell. Capsule • Bacterial cell division and growth curves. • Bacterial metabolism (respiration, fermentation). • Bacterial genetics (chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA replication, transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids and transposons). • Structure of the fungal cell. • The spore and its formation. Pathogenicity mechanisms of bacteria Biofilm Bacteriological diagnostics Preanalytical phase: collection of biological materials and their conservation Analytical phase: identification and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms: - microscopic examination - isolation of bacteria on culture media -antigenic and biochemical morphological identification of bacterial species of clinical interest -antibiogram. - new generation diagnostic techniques (NGS and resistome) Special bacteriology Gram –: Enterobacteriaceae Gram+: Staphylococci, Streptococci Study and discussion of clinical cases Impact of ICA and resistome in the hospital setting General virology Generalities and characteristics of viruses. viral replication Pathogenicity mechanisms of viruses The Viroma Virological diagnostics Preanalytical phase: collection of biological materials and their conservation Analytical phase: identification and characterization of pathogenic viruses - Indirect diagnostics: search for anti-virus antibodies of the primary (IgM) and secondary (IgG) response - Direct diagnostics: search for viral antigens and nucleic acids Special virology: DNA viruses RNA viruses

Lectures accompanied by slides that sequentially illustrate the contents of the course and which will be made available to students. Tools to support teaching: Lectures: video projector and laptop for PowerPoint presentations - in-depth seminars on dedicated topics - discussion of clinical cases

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Learning is verified by means of written test aimed at evaluating the acquisition of knowledge of basic microbiology by using appropiate medical terminology. The written test consists of 24 multiple-choice questions and 2 open-ended questions. Duration of the test 1 hour and 30 minutes. The final vote is expressed out of thirty according to the following criteria: 1 point for each correct answer and 0 points if an incorrect or missing answer. 3 points for each open answer if the student demonstrates that he/she has acquired an excellent knowledge of the topic covered and that he/she has answered exhaustively with good language skills. A score of less than 3 is expected if the answer is only partially correct or the argument is presented in an inappropriate manner. 0 points if the student does not respond or does not demonstrate acceptable knowledge of the contents. Score 29-30 cum laude: the student has an IN-DEPTH knowledge of the subject, has excellent communication skills and masters medical-scientific language. Score 26-28: the student has a GOOD knowledge of the subject and explains the topics clearly using appropriate medical-scientific language; Score 22-25: the student has a DISCRETE knowledge of the subject, even if limited to the main topics and explains the topics quite clearly with a reasonable command of language; Score 18-21: the student has the MINIMUM knowledge of the subject and explains the topics clearly enough although the language skills are poorly developed; Exam not passed: the student DOES NOT HAVE THE MINIMUM KNOWLEDGE required of the main contents of the course. The ability to use specific language is very poor or non-existent and he is unable to apply the knowledge acquired independently.

This teaching delves into topics closely related to one or more objectives of the 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development of United Nations