The course aims to ensure that students acquire:

1) Knowledge and understanding skills: in-depth knowledge of the fundamental principles underlying the homeostatic processes in animals and humans; solid knowledge on the functions of organs and apparatuses of the human body under healthy conditions; good knowledge of some, paradigmatic, aspects of pathophysiology, when these are relevant to the understanding of human physiology.

2) Applied knowledge and understanding: by acquiring the theoretical basis about how to use and read data from major diagnostic and laboratory methodologies such as measurement of haematochemical parameters, medical and neurological assessments, main imaging techniques of body and brain.

3) Making judgments, acquiring an integrated vision of the functioning of the human body, whereby each activity is capable of influencing others, leading to a unified articulation of the state of health with the ability to predict the realistic consequences of simple pathological situations.

4) Communication Skills, thanks to the presentation, in the classroom, of the concepts asked by the teacher, in a stimulated and interactive didactic environment. Students will always be urged to keep in mind the need for a scientifically accurate exposure and communication with colleagues and simple, albeit exhaustive, with patients and their family members. They will be stimulated to express themselves with a correct and essential language.

5) Learning skills: during lessons more than one textbook will be used, urging the students to gain information from more than one sources, citing the references of the displayed topics. The topics discussed will always be approached from different perspectives, so that students will be able to make a clear and complete opinion. Learning will be verified daily, asking short questions to students during lessons.

Adequate knowledge of physics, biology, biochemistry and anatomy of the human body. The propaedeutic courses are as follows:
Medicine: you can take the 961ME Physiology exam if you have passed the following exams: 979ME Medical Physics and Statistics, 786ME Biology and Genetics, 962ME Human Anatomy and 785ME Biochemistry.
CdL Dentistry: you can take the 954ME Physiology exam if you have passed the following exams: 964ME Applied Physics, 969ME Biology and genetics, 785ME Biochemistry and 965ME Human anatomy.

PHYSIOLOGY for Medicine and Dentistry for the following topics: Cell Physiology 1, Prof. Bernareggi (1.5 CFU) Excretory system, Prof. Buoite Stella (1.5 CFU) Endocrinology, Prof. Candido (1 CFU) Neurophysiology 1, Prof. Cingolani (2 CFU) Pneumology, Prof. Confalonieri (1 CFU) Gastroenterology, Prof. Crocè (1 CFU) Cardiology, Prof. Fabris (1 CFU)

1) Conti: Fisiologia medica. EdiErmes. 2) Guyton & Hall: Medical Physiology. Elsevier 3) Silverthon; Human Physiology: an Integrated Approach. Pearson

Cell Physiology: Part 1. Cell communication. Membrane excitability. Active and passive transport systems. Resting membrane potential and action potential. Voltage-dependent channels. Electrical and chemical synapses. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Integration of synaptic signals. Neuromuscular junction. Action potential in muscles and excitation-contraction mechanisms. Skeletal muscles: control of contraction, muscle plasticity and endocrine function of muscles. Neurophysiology: Part 1. Physiology of the sensory system. Physiology of the motor system. Physiology of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Endocrinology: Hormonal and para-hormonal systems (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system). The hypothalamus-hypophysis system. Thyroid hormones. Adrenal glands and glucocorticoids. Gonadic functions in men and women. Parathyroid glands and phospho-calcium metabolism. Endocrine pancreas and glucidic metabolism. Pneumology: Respiratory system. Aerial respiratory organs. Gas laws. Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic volume and pressure. Pneumothorax. Spirometry. Dead space. Gas exchanges. Breathing control. Lungs and aerials respiratory organs: tissue repair and regeneration. Immune and non-immune defense of the respiratory system. Gastroenterology: Digestive system: morphology and function, gastric activity and its regulation, function and regulation of small and large intestine, pancreas and liver. Morphological and functional organization of the digestive tract, movements of water and nutrients. Stomatognathic system. Gastric activity and regulation. Functions of small intestine, pancreas, liver and bile, intestine. Cardiology: Blood viscosity and pressure. Structure of the hearth and of the cardiac cells. Electrical activity of the hearth (action potential / conduction mechanisms / electro-mechanical coupling). Regulation by efferent fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic control). Cardiac cycle. Vessels and principles of hemodynamics (preload-afterload-microvascular circulation). Optional lessons (i.e., electrocardiography, physiology of the coronary system) depending on the availability of speakers and on the time schedule. Excretory system: Kidney physiology: filtration, absorbance, secretion and excretion. Acid-base equilibrium: respiratory and renal compensation.

Lectures and clinical seminars related to selected pathophysiological aspects.

The material used during the lessons will be made available through the moodle and/or teams platforms.

Written exam with multiple choice questions on the entire course program (14 CFU for the Medicine course or 9 CFU for the Dentistry course), the exam will be carried out via the moodle platform. Grades will be awarded up to a maximum of 30/30 honours. To pass the exam the student must achieve a score of 18/30 for each program; to achieve maximum marks (30/30 honors) the student must answer all the questions correctly.
For students of the Medicine course there is the possibility of taking the exam through two partial tests, called 'Physiology 1' (9 CFU) and 'Physiology 2' (5 CFU). In the case of partial tests, in order to pass the exam, the student must obtain an evaluation of ≥ 18 in each of the partial tests. S/he will not be able to refuse the result of the partial test, but only the grade of the entire integrated course and, in this case, s/he will have to repeat all the partial tests. The final grade of the integrated course exam derives from the weighted average, therefore weighted on the CFU of each module, obtained in the individual partial tests.
The student will have the opportunity to make up any insufficient modules, or to improve the grade obtained, for a maximum of 4.5 CFU (Physiology 1 and Physiology for Dentistry) and 2.5 CFU (Physiology 2).
The final mark is expressed in thirtieths. The evaluation grid adopted is the following:
-Excellent (30 -30 cum laude): excellent knowledge of the topics, excellent language skills, excellent analytical skills; the student is able to brilliantly apply theoretical knowledge to concrete cases.
-Very good (27 -29): good knowledge of the topics, remarkable language skills, good analytical skills; the student is able to correctly apply theoretical knowledge to concrete cases.
-Good (24-26): good knowledge of the main topics, good command of the language; the student shows an adequate ability to apply theoretical knowledge to concrete cases.
- Satisfactory (21-23): the student does not show full command of the main subjects of teaching, while possessing the fundamental knowledge; however, s/he shows satisfactory language skills and sufficient ability to apply theoretical knowledge to concrete cases.
-Sufficient (18-20): minimum knowledge of the main subjects of teaching and of the technical language, limited ability to adequately apply theoretical knowledge to concrete cases.
- Insufficient (<18): the student does not have an acceptable knowledge of the contents of the various topics of the program.

This teaching explores topics closely related to one or more of the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: 3. Health and well being. 4. Quality education.