1) knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology of the respiratory system and respiratory diseases
2) applying knowledge and understanding of the study of respiratory function into the clinical practice
3) making judgments in the pathophysiological approach to patients with respiratory diseases
4) communication skills in exposing the clinical reality of any patient with respiratory diseases in respiratory physiopathological terms
5)learning skills about the theoretical basis of functional and clinical diagnosis of respiratory diseases

Notions of anatomy, physiology, microbiology, immunology, genetics of the respiratory apparatus

Lung function tests
Definition and classification of Respiratory insufficiency
Blood gas analysis
Regeneration and remodeling of the respiratory system in disease
Airway diseases
Diseases of the lung parenchyma
Respiratory diseases related to obesity
Breathing disturbances in sleep
Infectious and non-infectious pneumonia
Respiratory distress
and respiratory support

Rugarli et al. Medicina Interna Sistematica. Estratto: Malattie dell’apparato respiratorio. EDRA
Harrison’s. Principle of Internal Medicine. McGraw Hill

Physiological and clinical evaluation of airway and lung diseases

Lung function tests
- Basic and global spirometry (obstructive and restrictive defects)
- Reversibility test
- Diffusion test
- Hyper-reactivity test (Methacoline)
- Respiratory Muscle strength (MIP and MEP)
Blood gas analysis and pulse-oxymetry (definition of respiratory failure and acid-base balance)
Lung regeneration and remodeling
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Bronchial Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Chronic Cough
Hypoventilation-Obesity syndrome
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)
Infectious pneumonia
COVID-19
Classification of respiratory failure
- Type 1 (hypoxemic norom-hypocapnic or lung failure)
- Type 2 (hypoxemic hypercapnic or pump failure)
Causes and pathophysiology of respiratory failure (ventilation/perfusion mismatch, hypoventilation, shunt, low FiO2)
Respiratory distress
Respiratory support
- Oxygen
- Mechanical ventilation (invasive, non invasive)
- ECMO, ERRCO2

Classroom lessons with slide-sets addressed to student-teacher interaction with the aim to transfer knowledge

During the stage at the SC Pneumologia the student can apply and insight the theoretical concepts in the clinical practice.

There will be a single, integrated examination for the entire course of physiopathology, with a written part held via the moodle platform first (125 multiple-choice questions on 13 topics) and then an oral part. To be admitted to the oral part, it is necessary to have answered correctly to 60% of the questions and 60% of the topics. The oral exam will last 30 minutes and there will be 3 questions. As for the contents of this couse, there will be one oral question on one of the associations (10 minutes). Final score will be converted to a maximum of 30 points. The verification of learning with a written test relating to the Respiratory System Diseases module includes 10 multiple choice questions via the Moodle platform. For each question there are 4 answer options. Some questions require only one correct answer while other questions require two or more correct answers. It will be reported which questions have only one correct answer and which questions have more correct answers. If there is only one correct answer, this will have a score of 1, while incorrect answers will have a score of 0. When there are multiple correct answers, they will have percentages of positive units, while wrong answers will have percentages of negative units.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)