KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The course aims to provide the fundamental knowledge and understanding of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles - the theory which describes the fundamental building blocks of matter and their interactions - and of the principles of particle detection. A further objective is to provide a basic knowledge of modern techniques of data detection and analysis and of the current phenomenological framework in the different sectors of Elementary Particle Physics. APPLIED KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Solving exercises, working in the computer lab that is part of the course (and which proposes the reconstruction - using real data collected at the LHC accelerator - of the Higgs boson through its decay products), the possible discussion of current and interesting scientific results related to the topics covered in the course, are the elements that allow the student to apply the concepts acquired in the course, for the discussion and resolution of problems. The student will then have - at the end of lessons - the ability to identify the essential elements of a certain phenomenon, to describe it in terms of orders of magnitude and level of approximation necessary, to apply laws and principles studied. MAKING JUDGEMENTS The student has to demonstrate that he/her has not only acquired concepts and knowledge, but also that he/her has developed his/her own judgment skills. This is obtained also through the choice of the topic for the final report. COMMUNICATION SKILLS The required presentation of the report aims to test and verify the student's ability to summarize the written report as required (time limit and use of slides), using the concepts and knowledge learned during the course in an effective and appropriate manner. and with a correct scientific language. LEARNING ABILITY With the final exam, the student must be able to apply the knowledge, skills and competences foreseen in this syllabus. He will be able to study independently the topics covered in the course, also through the consultation of specific bibliographic texts.

Basic concepts of: - Quantum mechanics - Nuclear Physics - Special Relativity - Radiation-Matter interactions

TOOLS: 1.QCD (6 hours) - elastic, inelastic and DIS scattering experiments -the structure of nucleons - the Altarelli-Parisi equation - role of PDFs - running α_strong - jet reconstruction and phenomenology of pp/ppbar collisions 2. Notes on calorimetry (6 hours) - electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters - homogeneous and sampling calorimeters - compensation - Various types of modern calorimeters - Reconstruction of the castings - Fibers and light guides 3. Research and discovery of the last quark of the MS: the top quark, and physics at the Tevatron accelerator (6 hours) - The Tevatron accelerator and the CDF and D0 experiments - top quark production and decay channels - measurement of mass and cross section - other measurements at the Tevatron 3. Research and discovery of the Higgs boson (6 hours) - Boson production and decay channels, main characteristics of the analyzes in the different channels (2 hours) - Laboratory exercise: computation on the Higgs (4 hours) 4. LHC, accelerator and experiments (6 hours) - The LHC accelerator, characteristics and parameters - How to measure brightness - How is the cross section measured - Experiments at the LHC: ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE. 5. Physics of the standard model at the LHC (6 hours) - Main results obtained at the LHC experiments - Tensions with the predictions of the Standard Model - The short-term future: HL-LHC - Beyond the Standard Model? Why? 6. BSM Physics, models and research (6 hours) - Dark Matter research at colliders - Supersymmetry and other hypotheses 7. Accelerators and Future Colliders (6 hours) - Evolution of accelerators - Operation of colliding rings - The Future Circular Collider: FCC-ee and FCC-hh - The Muon collider

D. H. Perkins Introduction to High Energy Physics Cambridge, University Press, Cambridge • B.R. Martin and G. Shaw Particle Physics, WILEY 3rd Edition (2008) • M. Thomson, Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press (

TOOLS: Cosmic rays: natural accelerators • Accelerators: From the Cyclotron to the Proton Synchrotron • Accelerators for medical physics • Detectors in HEP: momentum measurements, energy, particle identification (trackers, calorimeters, muon chambers) MEASUREMENTS: CROSS SECTION, BRs, MASS, WIDTH • Cross section measurements, Branching ratio, Resonances (Breit-Wigner), width. * Coulomb scattering amplitude for an extended charge distribution. Nuclear factors and their measurement form. Elastic and inelastic collisions electron-nucleo. Form factors of nucleons and their measurement. Generalization of the nucleon form factor in the time-like area. . • Deeply inelastic collisions. The form factors. The Bjorken variable. The scale invariance. The parton model. The F1 and F2 functions. The spin of the partons. The structure functions in the quark model. Valence quarks and sea quarks. Dissemination measures neutrino nucleon. The neutrino-nucleon structure functions in the quark model. Electric charge of quarks * Hadron collisions * MEASUREMENTS AND DISCOVERIES • - Evidence for e + e- → qqbar processes. Discovery of the J / Psi. The J / Psi as a state c cbar. The spectra dl charmonium and Bottonium. Experimental evidence for the color. Evidence for jets production. • The scientific program of the pbar p collider at CERN. Discovery of W and Z0. Phenomenology of neutral currents. Studies on the W/Z-bsons. The width of the Z0 and the number of households. * Precision measurements at LEP • Quark top discovery at the Tevatron proton-proton collider • Discovery of the Higgs boson at the 'LHC (+ exercise on Monte Carlo simulation for the reconstruction of the Higgs decay into two photons) • Beyond the Standard Model: searches for supersymmetric particles and other New Physics

Lectures, assignment of related papers to read and comment in class discussions, guidance in writing a paper on a chosen subject at the end of the course.

During the lessons , papers and conferences related to the topics discussed and which may be useful for further studies are indicated.

The exams may be held in Italian or English, at the student's choice. Final report on a subject chosen after a discussion with the professor. The report has to be presented in about 20-25 minutes using slides. During the presentation, questions are asked related to the report but also to topics presented during the course. The final evaluation is based on the quality of the written report, on the level of its presentation and on the answers to the questions posed.