The students will gain knowledge in the field of petrophysics useful for
the study of underground reservoir. In particular knowledge about
hydrocarbons origin, conditions of deposition environment and geological
history of the basin within which hydrocarbons reservoirs can be
produced, and conditions of gas seeps toward the atmosphere.
Basic knowledge of fundamentals concepts in petrophysics, know- how
about geophysical well logging acquisition analysis and interpretation
Understanding the importance of seismic attributes during seismic data
interpretation and petrophysical characterization of reservoirs.
D1 - Knowledge and understanding: the Student shall know the
fundamentals of petroleum geology, well-logging, advanced geophysical
data analysis for reservoir studies.
D2 - Applying knowledge and understanding: the Student shall be able to
evaluate the characteristics of reservoir in sedimentary basins through
the integrated analysis of geological, geophysical and well-logging data.
D3 - Making judgements: the Student shall be able to evaluate different
information and to select optimum analytical methods to achieve the
survey’s objectives.
D4 - Communication skills: the Student shall be able to illustrate
fundamentals of the methods and experimental work with correct
technical language.
D5 – Learning skills: The Student will gain competences that will enable
his autonomous scientific and professional progress to maintain an
adequate know-how, through continuing education, in a rapidly evolving
technological sector

Physics, Chemistry, Geophysics, Stratigraphy, Structural Geology

Introduction to Petroleum geology: basic hydrocarbon chemistry,
depositional environment of biogenic material, source rocks, kerogene
formation, van Krevelen diagram, biomarkers, maturity measurements;
hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in traps, seal rocks; porosity
and permeability of sedimentary rocks; physic properties of hydrocarbon:
density, viscosity, solubility, PVT analysis and phase behaviour; interfacial
tension, capillary pressure,wettability, oil-water contact; Ohm laws and
formation resistivity; water saturation and Archie formulas.
Fundamentals of geophysical well-logging: historical overview, objectives,
field conditions and operations, classification (open well logs, While
Drilling and Wire Line, in shielded boreholes, Production logs, lithological
logs, resistivity and porosity logs). Petrophysical applications of well logs,
fundamental petrophysical parameters. Principles of main open well i
nstruments, recent lithological and petrophysical interpretation
techniques of logs in clastic and carbonate reservoirs with lab. Geological
and geophysicalapplications (stratigraphic, sedimentological and
structural) of open welllogs
UD1: Introduction of the seismic attributes
Chronological analysis of the “seismic attribute” concept and main
classification criteria. Use of the seismic attributes and examples of
application.
UD2: “Instantaneous” attributes
Instantaneous attributes. Continuous and discrete Fourier transform.
Application on real data. Instantaneous Amplitude, Phase and Frequency.
Their characteristics and sensitivity to the amplitude variation, to the
bandwidth and to the phases on synthetic data. Examples of application
on real seismic data.
UD3: Spectral decomposition
Spectral decomposition: meaning and calculation strategies.: STFT and
Wavelet analysis. Critical comparison between the two methods.
Qualitative and quantitative examples of applications. Description of the
methods for the thickness estimation based on the tuning thickness.
Shadow zones meaning and identification of low frequency zones.
UD4: Coherency attributes
Coherency attributes: basic principles and application on seismic
sections, timeslices or horizons. Methods to estimate the dip and the
azimuth and their utility as additional attributes. Examples of application
in different geological contexts. Calculation strategies and classification
of the coherency attributes. Strengths and limitations of the different
approaches. Examples of applications on synthetic and real data and
effects on the calculus parameters variations.
UD5: AVO/AVA and Seismic Inversion
AVO: basic principles. Linearization of the Zoeppriz equations (Aki and
Richards, and Shuey). Concepts of “intercept” and “gradient”. Crossplot
diagram and sands classification for different fluid contents . Examples of
application. Other AVO analysis methods. Seismic data inversion: description of the two different approaches based on the acoustic
impedance and on lambda/mhu. Applications on real data. Correlations
between seismic data and borehole logs. Mention of the AVA analysis.
Synthesis of the strengths and weaknesses of the described
methodologies

Tiab and Donaldson, 2004Petrophysics, Elsevier; Bordenave Ed., 1993
AppliedPetroleumGeochemistry; Jahan, Cook and Graham, 2003
Hydrocarbonexploration and production, Elsevier
G.B. Asquith, C.R.Gibson, 1983, Basic Well log Analysis for Geologists, ed.
AAPG
O.Serra, 2007, Welllogging and reservoirevaluation, ed. Technip
O.Serra, 2008, The Welllogginghandbook, ed. Technip
Chopra, S., & Marfurt, K.J. (2007). Seismic attributes for prospect
identification and reservoir characterization: SEG/EAGE. (p. 464).

Introduction to Petroleum geology: basic hydrocarbon chemistry,
depositional environment of biogenic material, source rocks, kerogene
formation, van Krevelen diagram, biomarkers, maturity measurements;
hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in traps, seal rocks; porosity
and permeability of sedimentary rocks; physic properties of hydrocarbon:
density, viscosity, solubility, PVT analysis and phase behaviour; interfacial
tension, capillary pressure,wettability, oil-water contact; Ohm laws and
formation resistivity; water saturation and Archie formulas.
Fundamentals of geophysical well-logging: historical overview, objectives,
field conditions and operations, classification (open well logs, While
Drilling and Wire Line, in shielded boreholes, Production logs, lithological
logs, resistivity and porosity logs). Petrophysical applications of well logs,
fundamental petrophysical parameters. Principles of main open well i
nstruments, recent lithological and petrophysical interpretation
techniques of logs in clastic and carbonate reservoirs with lab. Geological
and geophysicalapplications (stratigraphic, sedimentological and
structural) of open welllogs
UD1: Introduction of the seismic attributes
Chronological analysis of the “seismic attribute” concept and main
classification criteria. Use of the seismic attributes and examples of
application.
UD2: “Instantaneous” attributes
Instantaneous attributes. Continuous and discrete Fourier transform.
Application on real data. Instantaneous Amplitude, Phase and Frequency.
Their characteristics and sensitivity to the amplitude variation, to the
bandwidth and to the phases on synthetic data. Examples of application
on real seismic data.
UD3: Spectral decomposition
Spectral decomposition: meaning and calculation strategies.: STFT and
Wavelet analysis. Critical comparison between the two methods.
Qualitative and quantitative examples of applications. Description of the
methods for the thickness estimation based on the tuning thickness.
Shadow zones meaning and identification of low frequency zones.
UD4: Coherency attributes
Coherency attributes: basic principles and application on seismic
sections, timeslices or horizons. Methods to estimate the dip and the
azimuth and their utility as additional attributes. Examples of application
in different geological contexts. Calculation strategies and classification
of the coherency attributes. Strengths and limitations of the different
approaches. Examples of applications on synthetic and real data and
effects on the calculus parameters variations.
UD5: AVO/AVA and Seismic Inversion
AVO: basic principles. Linearization of the Zoeppriz equations (Aki and
Richards, and Shuey). Concepts of “intercept” and “gradient”. Crossplot
diagram and sands classification for different fluid contents . Examples of
application. Other AVO analysis methods. Seismic data inversion: description of the two different approaches based on the acoustic
impedance and on lambda/mhu. Applications on real data. Correlations
between seismic data and borehole logs. Mention of the AVA analysis.
Synthesis of the strengths and weaknesses of the described
methodologies

Frontal lessons on the different themes and labs on well logs

The oral examination will coincide with contents of lessons.
Interpretation of logs obtained in subsurface conditions illustrated by the
course (e.g. hydrocarbon or water reservoirs) will be requested.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), with particular reference to technologies relating to the study and monitoring of underground fluids