Knowledge and understanding. The student will prove knowledge on concepts related homeostasis, its perturbations and the cellular, tissutal and systemic adaptations at the basis of human disease. The student will be familiar with the concepts and applications of regenerative medicine.
Capacity to apply knowledge and understanding. The student will prove independency in evaluating the results obtained by research in pathology for the study of the mechanisms underlying most common human disease conditions.
Making judgments. The student will elaborate on the topics of the course in a critical and independent manner. The student will critically analyse the results that are available in the recent literature.
Communication skills. The student will master the medical and scientific language.
Learning skills. The student will acquire novel information on the subject by retrieving scientific publications. This capacity will be stimulated by the guided discussion of recently published papers.

Basic knowledge of anatomy, histology, biochemistry, genetics, molecular and cellular biology
Before enrolling in the examination, the student must have passed the 2th-year exams of Physiology, Microbiology and Immunology.

General pathology is the discipline of understanding the consequences of perturbations to the biological balance that underlies life at the level of cells, tissues, and organs. How the cell reacts to insults, their reparative capacity, or the consequences of irreversible damage. The course will address how the chains of events enacted by the organism to compensate for alterations in the initial equilibrium may result in the resolution of the offending process or may themselves become the cause of pathology through vicious circles and amplification mechanisms. Knowledge of these general mechanisms of pathology will thus enable to discuss their contribution to the genesis of certain exemplary pathological conditions, and to allow the acquisition of tools for interpreting the pathophysiology of organ and system diseases.
The course also includes basic teaching of laboratory medicine, discussing the basis of chemical chemistry, the significance of biological measures, the indications for laboratory testing, and interpreting results.
Pathology at the cellular level. Concepts of homeostasis, adaptation, types of cell damage, necrosis, apoptosis, senescence. Chronic and acute inflammation. Regenerative medicine and stem cell-based applications for the heart, liver, gut and other tissues. Molecular and cellular biology of ageing. Introduction to molecular oncology. Physio-pathology of haemostasis, bleeding disorders and thrombophilia. Atherosclerosis. Endothelial cell pathology associated with trauma, infection and inflammation. Hyper-inflammatory syndromes and multi-organ inflammation. Metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. Pathological features and history of medicine for master disease conditions: beta-thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, type 1 diabetes, phenylketonuria, immunodeficiencies.
Pathology in organ specific diseases of liver, kidney, lung and vessels.
Basics of laboratory medicine and clinical pathology in the field of hematology.

Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease

For Clinical Pathology
Antonazzi. E. Gulletta. MEDICINA DI LABORATORIO. Logica & Patologia Clinica. Seconda edizione. Piccin

or
Giorgio Federici. Medicina di Laboratorio. McGraw Hill

• Cellular adaptations, cell injury and cell death
• Acute and chronic inflammation
• Tissue renewal and repair: regeneration, healing and fibrosis
• Hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic diseases
• Shock
• Hereditary disorders
• Diseases of the immune system
• Cancer
• Infectious disorders
• Environmental and nutritional diseases
• Organ specific pathology
• Embryonic and adult stem cells
• Principles of regenerative medicine
• Clinical trials in regenerative medicine
• Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ageing

In person traditional lessons with presentation of slides. All the material shown is available to the students on the Microsoft Teams platform. Lessons are recorded.

The course is held by the following professors: Tommasini Alberto, Giacca Mauro e Bortolotto Francesca

Hybrid examination with two sections: written exam with 24 multiple-choice questions (scored 1 point for correct response; -0.2 points for wrong response; 0 point for unanswered questions) and oral exam (1-12). To pass the exam, both the wrtitten and the oral part must be positively evaluated (at least 14/24 in the written part and at least 1/12 in the oral part). In the event of severe gaps in crucial topics detected at the oral examination, the overall examination will be considered failed. The exam includes questions of both General and Clinical Pathology. The final marks are in a scale of 1 to 30 and reflect the cumulative and integrated assessment of the different teachers. A grade of 30/30 will be awarded to students who perform fully satisfactorily in both the written and oral sections of the exam, while Honors will be awarded to those who show particular clarity and thoroughness of exposition. A mark between 27 and 27indicates a good judgement and is attributed to students who demonstrate complete knowledge of the treated arguments. However, they do not demonstrate that they have carried out a personal re-elaboration of the theme. A mark between 24 and 26 indicate a good overall preparation without relevant gaps, even is some arguments may be superficially expressed. A mark between 21 and 23 is granted to studens who show a good knowledge and understanding of the topics covered by exposing them with sufficient clarity. From 18 to 22 the preparation is sufficient in terms of knowledge of the main aspects of the subject, but the level of detail and/or expressive clarity are just enough. Below 18 the student does not demonstrate sufficient knowledge to pass the exam.

This course explores topics closely related to one or more goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)