Q1. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must demonstrate knowledge of the fundamental principles of Thermodynamics with particular attention to the fundamental principles. He must have an understanding of the propagation mechanisms of mechanical waves and some notions of statics and dynamics of fluids.
D2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be able to apply the knowledge acquired in point D1 to solve problems and exercises in thermodynamics, mechanical waves, dynamics of ideal and real fluids.
Q3. Making judgements: At the end of the course the student will be able to operate independently using the equations that describe physical phenomena. You must propose ideas and solutions to a problem and choose the most appropriate analytical technique to pursue a specific objective.
D4. Communication skills: At the end of the course the student must be able to clearly explain the concepts acquired in point D1 and be able to solve the required problems. They must also be able to intervene in a critical discussion on course topics by giving valid suggestions.
D5. Learning ability: At the end of the course the student must be able to independently delve into the topics covered, furthermore he must be able to transfer the notions learned in subsequent teachings and prepare to tackle the study of statistical physics by comparing it with classical thermodynamics.

Fisica Newtoniana

Thermodynamics systems and variables. Laws of thermodynamics. Ideal and Real gas laws. Phase transitions. Kinetic theory. Thermodynamic potentials and applications. Waves. Fluid mechanics, applications.

Fisica Generale: Termodinamica e Fluidi", S.Focardi, I.Massa, A.Guzzoni; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

1 – THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS Introduction to Thermodynamics (TD): statistical and classical approaches. Thermodynamic system and environment: open, closed, and isolated systems; intensive and extensive coordinates; simple and hydrostatic systems. Gibbs phase rule. Thermodynamic equilibrium: adiabatic and diathermic walls. Thermodynamic transformations. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and temperature. Thermometers; Celsius and Kelvin scales. Temperature from ideal gas thermometer. Thermal expansion. Reversible, irreversible, and quasistatic processes. Clapeyron diagram. Isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic, and cyclic transformations. Thermostats. Equations of state. Ideal gas: equation of state. Avogadro’s laws, Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law. Real gases: virial expansion and Van der Waals equation. Phases of matter, triple point, critical temperature, vapor pressure, critical isotherm. Thermodynamic work in ideal gases (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and cyclic processes). Statistical method. Kinetic theory of ideal gases. 2 – FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Joule’s experiments. Adiabatic systems. Adiabatic work and internal energy. Heat and calorie. First Law of Thermodynamics. Cyclic transformations: heat engines. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Fourier’s law, thermal conductivity, Stefan’s and Wien’s laws. Emissive power. Dewar vessels. Heat capacity. Specific and molar heat (at constant pressure and volume). Enthalpy. Latent heat. Properties of ideal gases: internal energy (Joule-Thomson expansion), general relation between Cp and Cv for hydrostatic systems (Mayer’s relation), adiabatic and polytropic transformations. Microscopic aspects: equipartition theorem, Dulong and Petit’s law. 3 – SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Heat engines and efficiency. Second Law: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements. Refrigerators. Equivalence of the two statements. Carnot cycle and Carnot engine. Carnot’s theorem. Absolute temperature. Efficiency of the Carnot engine. Air conditioners. Stirling, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. Reversible adiabatic curves. Clausius theorem. Entropy and its increase. Entropy variation: free expansion, heat exchange with sources and reservoirs. Entropy and efficiency. Derivation of the statements of the Second Law from the entropy increase principle. Transformation paths, degraded energy, Carnot and Clausius effects. Carnot cycle in the [S,T] plane. Internal energy and entropy in hydrostatic systems. Isoentropic curves (part 2) and absolute temperature. Irreversible transformations (isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic). Thermodynamic potentials: Helmholtz free energy and Gibbs free energy. Maxwell relations. Microstates and macrostates. Entropy and microstates, entropy and probability. Third Law of Thermodynamics. Interdependence of ideal gas properties. 4 – ELEMENTS OF FLUID MECHANICS Absolute and relative density. Pressure and shear stress. Ideal fluids. Fluid statics: Stevin’s law, Pascal’s principle, hydraulic press. Atmospheric pressure and altitude. Archimedes’ principle. Buoyancy. Pressure measurement: manometers and barometers. Fluid dynamics: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. Streamlines and flow tubes. Continuity equation. Bernoulli’s theorem and applications (Venturi tube, Pitot tube). Real fluids: laminar flow, viscosity, Poiseuille’s law, Reynolds number, terminal velocity. 5 – OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Wave phenomena: mechanical waves, transverse and longitudinal waves. Waves on strings, sound waves in fluids, waves in solids. Wave differential equation. Monochromatic waves. Intensity. Heat diffusion equation. Superposition principle. Interference. Standing waves on vibrating strings. Beats and group velocity.

classroom lectures and exercises

web page https://moodle2.units.it/

Written and oral exam: written essay (typically three exercises to be solved in two hours) followed by an oral exam (approximately